Rotors yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov tshuab impeller thiab khoom siv. Cov khoom siv precision no tig ntawm qhov nrawm heev thiab yuav tsum tiv taus cov kev ntxhov siab tseem ceeb dhau ntau lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.
Txhawm rau ua tiav qib kev ntseeg siab no, cov tuam ntxhab yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom tsim nyog rau daim ntawv thov. Kev tswj nruj ntawm kev muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab kev ua haujlwm kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv tau.
Cov kev kuaj xyuas, kev txheeb xyuas thiab kev tiv thaiv no ua rau lub neej ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws thaum txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj.
Txawm li cas los xij, hnav thiab tsim kua muag los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ib txwm yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj txaus los xav tau kev kho lossis hloov pauv. Kev puas tsuaj feem ntau yog superficial, thiab kho muab nqi thiab lub sij hawm zoo dua los hloov tag nrho rotor thaum ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo tsawg heev cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem kho.
Cov txheej txheem kho xws li pleev xim, plating, arc vuam, plasma vuam, thiab laser vuam. Txhua tus txheej txheem muaj qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo nyob ntawm ntau yam xws li qhov chaw thiab qhov kev puas tsuaj, kev ua haujlwm, ib puag ncig ntawm kev siv, substrate thiab kho cov khoom xav tau, thiab cov neeg siv khoom txaus siab.
Kab lus no tsom tshwj xeeb rau kev kho laser vuam thiab yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem laser vuam tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev kho compressor thiab turbine ncej, nrog rau cov teeb meem yuav tsum tau hais.
Kev sib tham muaj xws li cov ncej ncej feem ntau kho, cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm laser welding nyob rau hauv cov chaw no, thiab cov hom kev ntsuam xyuas uas yuav tsum tau kom validate cov txheej txheem.
Laser Beam Vuam
Ua ntej lub advent ntawm laser beam welding (LBW), feem ntau cov ncej kho txheej txheem yog submerged arc vuam (SAW), feem ntau vim nws ruggedness thiab siab deposition tus nqi.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem no suav nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub ntsej muag distortion thiab siab residual stresses. Vim yog distortion, SAW kho feem ntau yuav tsum tau tshem tawm tag nrho cov protruding nta ntawm qhov kho qhov chaw, reconstruction ntawm cov yam ntxwv, thiab nws kim heev overlay los xyuas kom meej txaus machining nyiaj rau rov qab qhov ntev.
Tsis tas li ntawd, vim qhov kev ntxhov siab ntau dhau los ntawm kev vuam, kev kho ib txwm xav tau Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) ua ntej qhov kawg machining, uas txo cov kev ntxhov siab seem thiab yog li txo qis axial motion (distortion) thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.
Vuam (nrog rau cladding), txiav thiab kho cua sov tuaj yeem ua tau siv cov lasers tsom. Txawm hais tias LBW tau nyob ib puag ncig txij li xyoo 1970, kev txhim kho hauv thev naus laus zis thiab kev them taus tau nthuav dav nws cov ntawv thov kev lag luam rau tam sim no suav nrog kev kho lub impeller mechanical rotor.
Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm LBW yog tias nws yog cov txheej txheem muaj zog ceev thiab yog li ntawd tuaj yeem txuas nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg, yog li txo qis cov hlau degradation, tshav kub cuam tshuam cheeb tsam (HAZ) loj, qhov seem seem thiab distortion, thaum tseem tso cai rau ceev heev. vuam ceev.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov chaw me me ntawm cov cua sov cuam tshuam kuj tau txais txiaj ntsig vim tias tsawg dua ntawm cov ntim axial muaj cov khoom tshem tawm los ntawm cov cua sov uas tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem fusion.
Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tshav kub-kho alloys, xws li quenched thiab tempered steels, uas yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv impeller machinery rotors. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev teeb tsa laser vuam yog qhia hauv daim duab 1.
Ntxiv nrog rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg, cov txheej txheem LBW tsim cov khoom zoo fusion welds nrog metallurgical bonding (tsis muaj delamination, adhesion uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv cov txheej), yooj yim automation, sib xws thiab rov ua dua, thiab siab geometric raug.
Piv txwv li, qhov loj me ntawm laser qhov chaw siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no muaj peev xwm nyob ntawm ib tug me me weld nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm {{0}}.2 hli mus rau ib tug siab deposition tus nqi overlay nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 2.0 hli.
Txhawm rau kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm LBW cov txheej txheem, cov txheej txheem muaj peev xwm yuav tsum tau ua kom haum rau daim ntawv thov, thiab lwm yam kev txiav txim siab tau teev tseg hauv qab no yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas ua ntej siv LBW rau kev kho rotor.
Hlau Filling
Muaj ob txoj kev sib txawv rau laser vuam. Ib qho yog siv cov hmoov-filled hlau (LBW-P) thiab lwm yam siv hlau-raws li cov hlau (LBW-W). Nyob rau hauv LBW-P, hmoov yog xa los ntawm cov hmoov feeder los ntawm ib lub raj thiab ib los yog ntau lub nozzles los ntawm ib tug inert roj dav hlau, uas thauj cov hmoov mus rau hauv lub weld pas dej ua ke.
Hauv LBW-W, cov hlau muab tub lim yog xa los ntawm manually lossis mechanized hlau feeders uas pub cov xaim rau hauv pas dej ua ke.
Muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov hlau thiab logistical sib txawv ntawm ob txoj hauv kev, uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum txiav txim siab cov txheej txheem tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau ib qho kev kho. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb yog xav tias ASME BPVC tseem tsis tau muab cov kev sib txawv no rau hauv tus account.
Ntawm cov kev hloov pauv yooj yim yog cov ntsiab lus hais txog cov hmoov hlau muab tub lim, nrog rau cov hmoov hlau loj, qhov ntom ntom, thiab tus nqi pub. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj qhov hais txog cov kab sau kab.
Qhov no qhia tau hais tias tam sim no specification tsuas yog txiav txim siab cov hmoov laser vuam daim ntaub ntawv. Nws kuj ua raws li cov txheej txheem cov yam ntxwv tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau cov hmoov-raws li laser vuam.
Qhov no yog ib qho laj thawj vim li cas laser beam vuam yuav xav tau cov txheej txheem ntxiv cov yam ntxwv.
Laser Sources
Ntau yam ntawm cov teeb pom kev laser tuaj yeem siv rau laser vuam. Kab lus no tsom mus rau ob qhov chaw vuam ntau tshaj plaws, Nd: YAG laser thiab fiber ntau laser.
Nd: YAG lasers muaj xws li neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet crystals uas zoo siab los ntawm lub teeb xenon los tsim ib lub laser beam, thaum fiber ntau lasers muaj ib txheej ntawm diodes uas excite ib tug tsawg-lub ntiaj teb-element-doped fiber los tsim ib tug laser. nqaj.
Thaum ob qho tib si laser tuaj yeem siv rau kev kho rotor, lawv ob leeg muab kev lag luam xws li nqaj zoo, nqaj loj, nqaj zaus, lub neej, nqi thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo.
Xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws laser nyob ntawm daim ntawv thov. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum ASME BPVC ua raws li qhov teeb meem, fiber ntau lasers yog qhov kev xaiv zoo dua.
Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog qhov txawv ntawm yuav ua li cas lub laser beam generated thiab nws stability nyob rau lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv Nd:YAG lasers, lub xenon flash teeb degrades lub sij hawm thiab dims nrog hnub nyoog.
Dimming lub teeb ua rau lub excitation ntawm Nd:YAG siv lead ua kom ploj mus, uas txo cov kev siv ntawm lub laser beam. Qhov tshwm sim yog tias lub zog tso zis ntawm lub teeb tsa laser txo qis thoob plaws lub neej ntawm lub teeb nyem, txawm hais tias tus nqi ntawm kev lwj yuav tsis paub.
Qhov no yog teeb meem rau kev ua raws cai vim hais tias, raws li ASME BPVC Tshooj IX Table QW-264, laser hwj chim yog ib qho tseem ceeb sib txawv uas tsis tuaj yeem hloov tau thaum lub sij hawm muab vuam txheej txheem.
Kev tswj hwm qhov kev xav tau no yuav luag tsis yooj yim rau Nd:YAG lasers, txawm hais tias tsis muaj qhov hais txog qhov tseeb hauv txoj cai. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau Nd:YAG qhov chaw, fiber ntau laser qhov chaw tsis muaj qhov teeb meem no vim hais tias lub excitation yog ua los ntawm ib tug diode.
Yog li ntawd, fiber ntau lasers yog superior thiab arguably tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li txoj cai.
Nruam los yog Pulsed Lasers
Qee lub tshuab laser tam sim no muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si hom mem tes thiab kev ua haujlwm tas li. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm kev siv cov mem tes lasers yog tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem txo qis kom txo qhov loj ntawm HAZ, residual stresses thiab aberrations.
Ntxiv rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws, pulsing tuaj yeem pab tau tshwj xeeb, xws li vuam ntawm cov khoom tiav uas PWHT tsis tuaj yeem ua tau. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias lub zog pulsed muaj qhov hluav taws xob qis dua li lub zog txuas ntxiv.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm laser pulsed feem ntau txwv rau LBW-W, raws li LBW-P tshuab siv lub zog txuas ntxiv mus ua haujlwm tau zoo tshaj plaws. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv cov hmoov-raws li daim ntawv thov, cov hmoov yog xa mus tsis tu ncua, uas yuav ua rau ib tug tseem ceeb npaum li cas ntawm cov hmoov khib nyiab los yog tsis muaj fusion vim tsis txaus cua sov ntawm pulses.
Rau cov tshuab siv hlau, cov hlau feeder yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov cuab yeej kom tswj tau cov kev sib txuas zoo ib yam. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias hom kev sib txuas ua ib qho kev hloov pauv ywj pheej kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tus nqi tso nyiaj ntawm cov txheej txheem vuam, tab sis qhov no yog nyob ntawm hom kab ke, nrog rau cov xwm txheej ntawm kev kho.
Zuag qhia tag nrho, kev xaiv ntawm cov qauv weld yuav tsum yog raws li cov khoom siv hlau xa tawm, tab sis kuj nyob ntawm hom kev kho thiab cov khoom siv vuam xav tau.
Weld sib koom tsim
Yuav kom txo tau qhov tsis xws luag, kev sib koom ua ke yuav tsum tsim nyog rau hom kev siv vuam siv. Hlau-raws li vuam tshuab yog feem ntau ua siab ntev ntawm cov ces kaum ntse thiab tob grooves tshaj hmoov vuam tshuab.
Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov tshuab xaim tsis tas yuav tsum muaj cov roj tsheb thauj mus los los nqa cov khoom siv rau qhov chaw vuam. Nyob rau hauv cov hmoov-raws li vuam tshuab, turbulence nyob rau hauv cov cab kuj roj siv los thauj cov hmoov mus rau lub molten pas dej ua ke tshwm sim los ntawm lub substrate geometry (xws li, v-bevel) ua rau cov hmoov xa khoom tsis zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv tsis zoo.
Cov hmoov xaum tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua rau cov vuam tsis zoo thiab cov cua sov dhau mus txog rau lub substrate, thaum cov khoom tiv thaiv tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua rau cov porosity thiab tsim cov oxide inclusions. Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog LBW-P, cov hmoov tsis muaj hmoov ntau tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke.
Vuam ntawm cov hmoov xoob no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem loj xws li tsis muaj fusion, porosity, lossis tawg. Yog li ntawd, hmoov-raws li muab tub lim hlau xa khoom ntawm lub bevel yuav tsum muaj lub kaum sab xis dav, uas tsim cov pob qij txha ntau dua, tab sis kuj ua rau qhov ntim ntawm lub bevel.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thaum siv LBW-P, v-groove ntim yuav tsum tau rho tawm cov qauv yog loj heev piv rau qhov ntev ntawm lub laser weld, ua rau nws impractical rau fabricate tus qauv rau txheej txheem characterization.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm hlau-raws li muab tub lim hlau xa khoom, cov phab ntsa sloped ntawm qhov zawj tam sim no geometric kev sib tw rau shielding roj thiab xaim xaim, uas ua rau kom muaj qhov porosity thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov tsis muaj fusion defects.
Txawm li cas los xij, beveling yog ua tau nrog LBW vuam. Tsis tas li ntawd, rau feem ntau cov kev kho ncej qhov twg LBW siv tau, kev kho feem ntau yog weld overlay thiab tsis tas yuav tsum tau vuam bevel.
Daim duab 2 qhia txog ntau hom kev kho cov ncej, nrog rau kev sib tshooj, kev tsim kho, thiab kev kho cov pob zeb. Txawm hais tias kev kho stub yuav tsum tau vuam bevel, LBW feem ntau tsis siv vim tias lwm cov txheej txheem muaj cov nqi tso nyiaj ntau dua.
Hais txog cov khoom siv muab tub lim, LBW-P thiab LBW-W tuaj yeem siv rau kev kho cov ncej dav dav, tab sis yuav tsum ceev faj thaum vuam ze rau cov kauj ruam lossis cov yam ntxwv uas yuav ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv cov txheej txheem hmoov.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim nyog ntawm cov txheej txheem vuam tej zaum yuav ua tsis tau lossis ua tsis tau rau LBW-P, thiab LBW-P kuj tuaj yeem ntsib teeb meem qhov porosity tsis tuaj yeem lees txais.
Tus nqi thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm Filler Hlau
Lub peev xwm xaiv cov hlau muab tub lim yog nyob ntawm qhov muaj ntawm cov khoom uas tau tham.
Feem ntau, hlau thiab hmoov versions muaj rau ntau yam ntaub ntawv.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv xov hlau zoo li yuav raug txwv rau cov khoom siv vuam sib txuas, thaum cov ntaub ntawv hmoov zoo yuav ua rau cov hlau alloy siab dua thiab cov hlau tshwj xeeb.
Qhov no yog vim hais tias ib qho ntawm cov tsav tsheb tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov hmoov yog hmoov-based additive manufacturing, uas muaj tus nqi siab tshaj plaws rau cov khoom sib txawv.
Vim li no, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau nrhiav tau cov pa roj carbon thiab tsis tshua muaj alloy steels nyob rau hauv hmoov daim ntawv vim hais tias cov ntaub ntawv no yog pheej yig txaus uas nws tsis raug nqi siv hmoov daim ntawv rau feem ntau cov ntawv thov kev lag luam.
Txij li cov pa roj carbon thiab cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau tau siv ntau hauv kev lag luam impeller tshuab, hlau raws li laser vuam tshuab feem ntau yog qhov kev xaiv zoo dua vim muaj cov khoom zoo dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hlau muab tub lim rau hauv daim ntawv hlau kuj feem ntau pheej yig dua li daim ntawv hmoov.
Qhov tsis zoo
Los ntawm daim ntawv thov kev pom, ib qho ntawm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov hmoov-raws li laser vuam thiab hlau-raws li laser vuam yog hom kev tsis xws luag thiab qhov yuav tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis xws luag thaum lub vuam txheej txheem.
LBW-W muaj peev xwm tsim tau qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom, tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag, thaum LBW-P feem ntau muaj qhov porosity tsawg kawg nkaus. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, qhov zoo tshaj plaws welding tsis, sib koom geometry los yog tej yam kev mob tuaj yeem tsim qhov tsis xws luag hauv ob txoj kev.
Tej yam tsis xws luag uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv laser vuam muaj xws li cov hauv qab no, uas qhia tau hais tias tsis xws luag nyob rau hauv lub LBW-P overlay:
- Porosity
- Tsis muaj fusion
- Unfused hais
- Kev tawg
Porosity yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov muaj voids nyob rau hauv lub weld deposit, tsim los ntawm kev khiav tawm ntawm gases daig thaum lub sij hawm solidification.
Rau LBW, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los qhia cov pa roj rau hauv lub pas dej ua ke, tab sis cov kev xav tseem ceeb suav nrog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov pa taws lossis cov vapors hlau, cavitation tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsis ruaj tsis khov me me-qhov welds, thiab cov pa hauv cov hmoov av thaum lub sij hawm atomization thiab tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm. txheej txheem vuam.
Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tiv thaiv roj tsis zoo thaum lub sijhawm vuam tuaj yeem ua rau cavitation, uas feem ntau yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsis raug ntawm cov roj lo ntsiab muag los yog turbulence nyob ze ntawm lub pas dej ua ke.
Qhov no tuaj yeem yog vim muaj kev kub ntxhov los ntawm oxidation ceev ntawm lub pas dej kho mob, lossis gassing vim combustion ntawm oxygen hauv huab cua. Thaum kawg, tsis muaj kev huv ntawm lub hauv paus thiab cov ntaub ntawv muab tub lim kuj tuaj yeem ua rau porosity.
Vuam ntawm cov khoom siv organic (roj, roj, av, oxides, thiab lwm yam) tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tawm ntawm cov txheej txheem vuam, dai rau hauv lub pas dej ua ke thaum nws khov kho.
Tsis muaj fusion yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov hlau muab tub lim tsis raug fused rau lub hauv paus hlau ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum lub tshav kub qhov chaw tsis tsim kom muaj cua sov txaus los khi cov muab tub lim thiab lub hauv paus hlau.
Tej yam ua rau tus mob no muaj xws li tsis zoo weld cov ces kaum, siab muab cov ntaub ntawv pub tus nqi, thiab / los yog tsis txaus laser zog. Zoo ib yam li unfused, unfused hais yog yam ntxwv los ntawm muaj cov seem ntawm unfused hmoov nyob rau hauv weld.
Hom kev tsis zoo no tshwj xeeb rau LBW-P vim tias nws muaj cov hmoov, uas LBW-W tsis. Yog vim li cas rau lub unfused hais zoo ib yam li tsis muaj fusion, piv txwv li, tsis muaj cua sov txaus kom yaj tag nrho thiab fuse cov khoom muab tub lim nrog cov khoom siv hauv paus.
Qhov no feem ntau yog vim lub laser tsis muaj sijhawm txaus, lub zog, thiab / lossis qhov chaw zoo kom yaj tag nrho cov hlau muab tub lim hauv qhov chaw vuam.
Cracking yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau weld tawg vim muaj kev ntxhov siab. Kev tawg tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam, piv txwv xws li kev sib koom ua ke tsim kev sib koom ua ke, kev ua kom txias sai, muab cov hlau tsis zoo, kev sib kis, vuam zoo, thiab / lossis tsis raug vuam tsis raug. Txhais nrog www.DeepL.com/Translator (dawb version)
